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Internet / DNS Timeline |
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© The INAIC 2007 |
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Items in red are of
general interest and historical for reference purposes only |
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Items in blue relate
specifically to the DNS. There are
many more DNS items but they are technical in nature and only the interesting
ones are highlighted |
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Items in violet are
directly related to the Public-Root |
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| 1945 |
Vennevar Bush publishes
paper on memex machine. |
| 1957 |
U.S.S.R. launches Sputnik,
first artificial earth satellite. |
| 1958 |
In response, U.S. forms
the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the Department of Defense
(DoD) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the
military. |
| 1958 |
President Eisenhower
requests funds to create ARPA. Approved as a line item in Air Force
appropriations bill. |
| 1960 |
J.C.R. Licklider publishes
his landmark paper |
| 1961 |
Len Kleinrock, Professor
of Computer Science at UCLA, writes first paper on packet switching,
"Information Flow in Large Communications Nets." Paper published in
RLE Quarterly Progress Report. |
| 1962 |
J.C.R. Licklider & W.
Clark write first paper on Internet Concept, "On-Line Man Computer
Communications." |
| 1962 |
Len Kleinrock writes
Communication Nets, which describes design for packet switching network; used
for ARPAnet |
| 1962 |
Paul Baran (RAND) writes,
"On Distributed Communications Networks," first paper on using
message blocks to send info across a decentralized networktopology(Nodes and
Links) |
| 1963 |
Licklider funds Engelbarts
new "Augmentation Research Center" at Stanford. |
| 1963 |
President Kennedy is
assassinated in Dallas. |
| 1965 |
Paul Baran gets funding
from U.S. Air Force to experiment with a block switching network to protect
communications during an nuclear war. However, he withdrew his proposal when
the project was shifted to military managers. |
| Oct 1965 |
First Network Experiment:
ARPA sponsors study. Directed by Larry Roberts at MIT Lincoln Lab, two
computers talked to each other using packet-switching technology. |
| Dec 1966 |
ARPA project begins. Larry
Roberts is chief scientist. |
| 1967 |
ACM Symposium on Operating
Principles Plan presented for a packet-switching network First design paper
on ARPANET published by Lawrence G. Roberts |
| 1967 |
National Physical
Laboratory (NPL) in Middlesex, England develops NPL Data Network under D. W.
Davies |
| 1968 |
ARPA mails out 140
Requests for Proposals to prospective contractors to build the first four
IMPs. |
| Dec 1968 |
ARPANet contract given to
Bolt, Beranek & Newman (BBN) in Cambridge, Mass. |
| 1969 |
ARPAnet commissioned by
DoD for research into networking. First nodes were UCLA, Stanford Research
Institute, UCSB, and University of Utah. |
| 1969 |
Use of Interface Message
Processors (IMP) developed by Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) |
| 1969 |
First node-to-node message
sent between UCLA and SRI - which was also the first ARPAnet crash |
| 1969 |
First Request for Comments
(RFC): "Host Software" by Steve Crocker, written overnight in a
bathroom so he wouldn't wake-up anyone. |
| 1 Sep 1969 |
First ARPANet node
installed at UCLA Network Measurement Center. Kleinrock hooked up the
Interface Message Processor to a Sigma 7 Computer. |
| 1 Oct 1969 |
Second node installed at
Stanford Research Institute; connected to a SDS 940 computer. The first
ARPANet message sent: "lo." Trying to spell log-in, but the system
crashed! |
| 1 Nov 1969 |
Third node installed at
University of California, Santa Barbara. Connected to an IBM 360/75. |
| 1 Dec 1969 |
Fourth node installed at
University of Utah. Connected to a DEC PDP-10. |
| 1970 |
ARPANET hosts start using
Network Control Protocol (NCP). |
| Mar 1970 |
Fifth node installed at
BBN, across the country in Cambridge, Mass. |
| Jul 1970 |
Alohanet, first packet
radio network, operational at University of Hawaii, developed by Norm
Abramson. |
| 1971 |
15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA,
SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford,
UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/Ames. |
| 1972 |
International Conference
on Computer Communications with demonstration of ARPANET between 40 machines
and the Terminal Interface Processor (TIP) organized by Bob Kahn. (October). |
| 1972 |
InterNetworking Working
Group (INWG) created to address need for establishing agreed upon protocols.
Chairman: Vinton Cerf. |
| 1972 |
Telnet specification. |
| Mar 1972 |
First basic e-mail
programs written by Ray Tomlinson at BBN for ARPANET: SNDMSG and READMAIL.
"@" sign chosen for its "at" meaning. |
| 1973 |
Internet Protocol
conceived |
| 1973 |
Bob Metcalfe's Harvard PhD
Thesis outlines idea for Ethernet. |
| 1973 |
Bob Kahn poses Internet
problem, starts internetting research program at ARPA. Vinton Cerf sketches
gateway architecture in March on back of envelope in hotel lobby in San
Francisco. |
| 1973 |
Cerf and Kahn present
basic Internet ideas at INWG in September at Univ of Sussex, Brighton, UK. |
| 1973 |
File Transfer Protocol
specification (RFC 454) |
| 1973 |
Network Voice Protocol
(NVP) specification (RFC 741) and implementation enabling conference calls
over ARPAnet. |
| Mar 1973 |
First ARPANET
international connections to University College of London (England) and Royal
Radar Establishment (NORSAR) (Norway). |
| Dec 1973 |
HOSTS.TXT (RFC 606)
established a table by which the address of machines can be looked up using
names. |
| 1974 |
Intelreleases the 8080
processor. |
| 1974 |
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn
publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection," which
details the design of TCP. |
| 1974 |
Larry Roberts founds
Telenet, the first commercial packet-switched data service |
| 1975 |
Operational management of
Internet transferred to DCA (now DISA) |
| 1976 |
Apple Computer founded by
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. |
| 1976 |
Queen Elizabeth II sends
out an e-mail. |
| 1976 |
Vint Cerf joins ARPA as
program manager. |
| 1976 |
UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy)
e-mail system developed at AT&T Bell Labs and distributed with UNIX one
year later. |
| 1977 |
THEORYNET created by Larry
Landweber at Univ of Wisconsin providing electronic mail to over 100
researchers in computer science (using a locally developed email system and
TELENET for access to server). |
| 1977 |
Mail specification (RFC
733) |
| 1977 |
Tymshare launches Tymnet,
competition for Telenet. |
| 1977 |
First demonstration of
ARPANET/Packet Radio Net/SATNET operation of Internet protocols with
BBN-supplied gateways in July |
| 1978 |
TCP split into TCP and IP. |
| 1979 |
Meeting between Univ of
Wisconsin, DARPA, NSF, and computer scientists from many universities to
establish a Computer Science Department research computer network (organized
by Larry Landweber). |
| 1979 |
USENET established using
UUCP between Duke and UNC by Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis, and Steve Bellovin. All
original groups were under net.* hierarchy. |
| 1979 |
ARPA establishes the
Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB) |
| 1979 |
Packet Radio Network
(PRNET) experiment starts with DARPA funding. Most communications take place
between mobile vans. ARPANET connection via SRI. |
| 1979 |
Bob Metcalfe and others
found 3Com (Computer Communication Compatibility). |
| 1980 |
Tim Berners-Lee writes
program called "Enquire Within," predecessor to the World Wide Web. |
| 1981 |
IBM announces its first
Personal Computer. Microsoft creates DOS. |
| 1981 |
BITNET, the "Because
It's Time NETwork" started as a cooperative network at the City
University of New York, with the first connection to Yale. Provides
electronic mail and listserv servers to distribute information, as well as
file transfers. |
| 1981 |
CSNET (Computer Science
NETwork) built by Univ of Delaware, Purdue Univ, Univ of Wisconsin, RAND
Corporation and BBN through NSF grant to give university scientists access to
ARPANET. CSNET later becomes known as the Computer and Science Network. |
| Sep 1981 |
RFC 799 published
outlining basic concepts of DNS |
| 1982 |
DCA and ARPA establish
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as protocol
suite commonly known as TCP/IP. |
| 1982 |
DoD declares TCP/IP suite
to be standard for DoD |
| Aug 1982 |
RFC 819 defines initial
top level domain ARPA and initial schedule |
| 1983 |
Cisco Systems founded. |
| 1983 |
Paul Mockapetris writes
JEEVES, the first name server (1983 - 1985) |
| 1983 |
Name server deployed at
Univ of Wisconsin, no longer requiring users to know the exact path to other
systems. |
| 1983 |
Cutover from NCP to TCP/IP
(1 January) |
| 1983 |
CSNET / ARPANET gateway
put in place |
| 1983 |
ARPANET split into ARPANET
and MILNET; the latter became integrated with the Defense Data Network
created the previous year. |
| 1983 |
Desktop workstations come
into being, many with Berkeley UNIX which includes IP networking software. |
| 1983 |
Berkeley releases 4.2BSD
incorporating TCP/IP, with much of the programming done by Bill Joy |
| Nov 1983 |
HOSTS.TXT table was
unwieldly and hard to keep up to date on all hosts. Solution: Domain Name System (DNS) designed
by Jon Postel, Paul Mockapetris, and Craig Partridge. .edu, .gov, .com, .mil,
.org, .net, and .int created. |
| Nov 1983 |
RFC 881 and 883 published
with revised domain implementation schedule. DNS is born. |
| 1984 |
Domain Name System (DNS)
introduced. |
| 1984 |
Number of hosts breaks
1,000 |
| 1984 |
Ralph Campbell and Kevin
Dunlap start development of BIND name server at UC Berkeley (1984 - 1987) |
| 1984 |
Moderated newsgroups
introduced on USENET (mod.*) |
| 1984 |
George Orwell's prophesy
of the universal loss of individual rights doesn't come true. |
| 1984 |
William Gibson writes
"Neuromancer." Coins the term "cyberspace". |
| 1984 |
Apple Computer introduces
the Macintosh on January 24th. |
| 1984 |
ARPAnet and MILNET split
(1984 - 1985) |
| Feb 1984 |
RFC 897 revised domain
implementation schedule |
| 30 May 1984 |
Test server running on
USC-ISIF |
| 21 Jun 1984 |
Druid server from
SUMEX-AIM announced |
| 28 Jul 1984 |
Test servers running on
TOPS-20 (SRI-NIC, ISIB, ISIF) SRI-NIC 10.0.0.51 26.0.0.73 ; JEEVES ISIB
10.3.0.52 ; JEEVES ISIF 10.2.0.52 ; JEEVES |
| Oct 1984 |
RFC 920 Domain
Requirements published. Adds GOV, EDU, COM, MIL and ORG as Top-level Domains. |
| Oct 1984 |
RFC 921 revised domain
implementation schedule |
| 1985 |
First TLD created by
Bradley Thornton to research expansion of the DNS TLD and root system. TLD delegated to PacificRoot in 1996. |
| 1985 |
DARPA/DCA implements RFC
920, 921 (USC-ISI/SRI-NIC) |
| 1985 |
Whole Earth 'Lectronic
Link (WELL), operated by Stewart Brand on his houseboat, is open for calls. |
| 1985 |
On march 15th,
Symbolics.com is assigned the first registered domain. Other firsts: cmu.edu,
purdue.edu, rice.edu, ucla.edu (April); css.gov (June); mitre.org, .uk (July) |
| 1985 |
100 years to the day of
the last spike being driven on the cross-Canada railroad, the last Canadian
university is connected to NetNorth in a one year effort to have
coast-to-coast connectivity. |
| Jan 1985 |
SRI contracted to run DNS
service |
| Mar 85 |
Initial DNS
implementation. |
| 15 Mar 1985 |
Symbolics.COM registered |
| 1 Apr 1985 |
Berkeley releases BIND |
| 13 May 1985 |
One of two COM zones
working, three of eight EDU zones working |
| 28 May 1985 |
4.2bsd UDP checksum
problems with BIND servers/resolvers |
| 12 Jun 1985 |
ISIF no longer a root
server. Now a test server for new code SRI-NIC 10.0.0.51 26.0.0.73 ; JEEVES
ISIB 10.3.0.52 ; JEEVES |
| 28 Jun 1985 |
SRI-NIC and ISIB
unreachable (no root servers reachable) |
| 29 Jun 1985 |
Debug root-server down
code |
| Jul 1985 |
ccTLDs established |
| 5 Jul 1985 |
Disk quota problem with
NIC databases truncates files |
| 14 Oct 1985 |
Database error making ARPA
a separate zone in the root and ARPA domains |
| 29 Oct 1985 |
Mockapetris publishes
Top 10 list of things wrong with name servers |
| 31 Oct 1985 |
Who's the root? Answer:
Ask a nameserver SRI-NIC 10.0.0.51 26.0.0.73 ; JEEVES ISIB 10.3.0.52 ; JEEVES
ISIC 10.0.0.52 ; JEEVES BRL-AOS 192.5.25.82 128.20.1.2 ; BIND |
| 10 Dec 1985 |
Authority loophole
in name servers (servers may be
befuddled but don't lie) |
| 1986 |
5000 hosts on
ARPAnet/Internet. |
| 1986 |
NSFNET created (backbone
speed of 56Kbps) |
| 1986 |
NSF establishes 5
super-computing centers to provide high-computing power for all
(JVNC@Princeton, PSC@Pittsburgh, SDSC@UCSD, NCSA@UIUC, Theory
Center@Cornell). This allows an explosion of connections, especially from
universities. |
| 1986 |
NSF-funded SDSCNET,
JVNCNET, SURANET, and NYSERNET operational |
| 1986 |
The first Freenet
(Cleveland) comes on-line 16 July under the auspices of the Society for
Public Access Computing (SoPAC). Later Freenet program management assumed by
the National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN) in 1989 |
| 1986 |
Network News Transfer
Protocol (NNTP) designed to enhance Usenet news performance over TCP/IP. |
| Jan 1986 |
Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) comes into existence
under the IAB. First IETF meeting held in January at Linkabit in San Diego |
| 26 Feb 1986 |
NIC zone
serial numbers begin to increment (previously always 1) |
| 10 Oct 1986 |
BIND 4.4
updated to store
backup file on disk on secondary servers. Previously
it was downloaded from primary every time named started, if primary
didn't answer, secondaries denied the domain existed |
| 21 Oct 1986 |
More root name servers
requested (TOPS-20 machines preferred) |
| 10 Nov 1986 |
ISIB retired from service,
ISIA added as new root server SRI-NIC.ARPA 10.0.0.51 26.0.0.73 ; JEEVES
USC-ISIC.ARPA 10.0.0.52 ; JEEVES BRL-AOS.ARPA 192.5.22.82 128.20.1.2 ; BIND
USC-ISIA.ARPA 26.3.0.103 ; JEEVES |
| 1987 |
ARPANET congestion affecting traffic to root
servers (all root NS on Arpanet) |
| 1987 |
10,000 hosts on the
Internet. |
| 1987 |
NSF signs a cooperative
agreement to manage the NSFNET backbone with Merit Network, Inc. (IBM and
MCI) involvement was through an agreement with Merit). Merit, IBM, and MCI
later founded ANS. |
| 1987 |
UUNET is founded with
Usenix funds to provide commercial UUCP and Usenet access. Originally an
experiment by Rick Adams and Mike O'Dell |
| 1987 |
First Cisco routershipped. |
| 1987 |
25 million PCs sold in US. |
| Mar 1987 |
cs.ucl.ac.uk BIND,
SATNET, EGP problems
cause brl-aos to authortatively deny its existence |
| 31 Mar 1987 |
Removal of all
nondomain-style host names in NETINFO:HOSTS.TXT |
| 19 Oct 1987 |
Where is France? Root zone
contains wrong delegation for .FR |
| Oct 1987 |
Arpanet congestion
now so bad sometimes no root servers are reachable |
| Nov 1987 |
DNS Specification (STD 13,
RFCs 1034 & 1035). DNS as we know it today. |
| 12 Nov 1987 |
Root servers now include SOA RRs to allow
negative caching due to bogon load |
| 18 Nov 1987 |
Retire C.ISI.EDU
from root server duty. Add GUNTER-ADAM.ARPA, C.NYSER.NET TERP.UMD.EDU and
NS.NASA.GOV. GUNTER-ADAM is JEEVES,
the rest are BIND. |
| 22 Nov 1987 |
C.ISI.EDU disconnected,
doesn't stop clients from trying to use it |
| 25 Dec 1987 through 4 Jan 1988 |
SRI NIC
closed for Christmas holidays, including HOSTMASTER
mail |
| 1988 |
DoD chooses to adopt OSI
and sees use of TCP/IP as an interim. US Government OSI Profile (GOSIP)
defines the set of protocols to be supported by Government purchased products |
| 1988 |
NSFNET backbone upgraded
to T1 (1.544Mbps) |
| 1988 |
CERFnet (California
Education and Research Federation network) founded by Susan Estrada, named
after Vint Cerf |
| 1988 |
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
developed by Jarkko Oikarinen |
| 1988 |
FidoNet gets connected to
the Net, enabling the exchange of e-mail and news |
| 7 Apr 1988 |
C.NYSER.NET moved to new
network and location |
| 20 Aug 1988 |
Where is
Norway? Long TTL values for .NO hide new MX record
through UUNET after
Norway loses its
satellite link for a couple of months |
| 14 Sep 1988 |
Root name server bugs
(TERP.UMD.EDU and NS.NASA.GOV) |
| 2 Nov 1988 |
Internet worm burrows
through the Net, affecting ~6,000 of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet. |
| Nov 1988 |
CERT (Computer Emergency
Response Team) formed by DARPA in response to the needs exhibited during the
Morris worm incident. The worm is the only advisory issued this year. |
| Nov 1988 |
.int domain established |
| 26 Dec 1988 through 2 Jan 1989 |
SRI NIC
closed for Christmas holidays, including HOSTMASTER
mail |
| 1989 |
100,000 hosts on Internet. |
| 1989 |
McAfee Associates founded;
anti-virus software available for free. Quantum becomes America Online. |
| 1989 |
First relays between a
commercial electronic mail carrier and the Internet: MCI Mail through the
Corporation for the National Research Initiative (CNRI), and Compuserve
through Ohio State Univ. |
| 1989 |
First Interop conference
in San Jose, CA, created to promote the use of TCP/IP packet-switched
networking |
| 1989 |
Countries connecting to
NSFNET: Australia (AU), Germany (DE), Israel (IL), Italy (IT), Japan (JP),
Mexico (MX),Netherlands (NL), New Zealand (NZ), Puerto Rico (PR), United
Kingdom (UK) |
| 4 Feb 1989 |
BRL-AOS.ARPA over 1 week
old data, C.NYSER.NET over 2 weeks old data |
| 2 Jun 1989 |
TERP.UMD.EDU and
C.NYSER.NET old data. SRI-NIC.ARPA only on ARPANET and
MILNET, not available
via NSFNET and is very congested |
| 1990 |
ARPAnet ends. |
| 1990 |
Tim Berners-Lee creates
the World Wide Web. |
| 1990 |
Electronic Frontier
Foundation (EFF) is founded by Mitch Kapor and Stewart Brand |
| 1990 |
Archie released by Peter
Deutsch, Alan Emtage, and Bill Heelan at McGill |
| 1990 |
Hytelnet released by Peter
Scott (Univ of Saskatchewan) |
| 1990 |
The World comes on-line
(world.std.com), becoming the first commercial provider of Internet dial-up
access |
| 1990 |
ISO Development
Environment (ISODE) developed to provide an approach for OSI migration for
the DoD. ISODE software allows OSI application to operate over TCP/IP |
| 1990 |
Countries connecting to
NSFNET: Argentina (AR), Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Brazil (BR), Chile (CL),
Greece (GR), India (IN), Ireland (IE), Korea (KR), Spain (ES), Switzerland
(CH) |
| 6 Apr 1990 |
NIC address
10.0.0.51 retired, NS.NIC.DDN.MIL 192.67.67.53 added as root |
| 1 Jun 1990 |
NIC.DDN.MIL 26.0.0.73
root service ends (last "original" root server) |
| 26 Oct 1990 |
SRI-NIC.ARPA is back,
bogus root cache corruption in BIND |
| 26 Oct 1990 |
GUNTER-ADAM.AF.MIL removed
for 1 month
for maintenance and upgrading |
| 1991 |
Gopher released by Paul
Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from the Univ of Minnessota |
| 1991 |
World-Wide Web (WWW)
released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee developer |
| 1991 |
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)
released by Philip Zimmerman |
| 1991 |
NSFNET backbone upgraded
to T3 (44.736Mbps) |
| 1991 |
NSFNET traffic passes 1
trillion bytes/month and 10 billion packets/month |
| 1 May 1991 |
DDN (Defense Data Network)
NIC contract awarded by DISA to Government Systems Inc. GSI and transfered
from SRI International |
| 28 Jul 1991 |
NIC.NORDU.NET appears
as a root
server in root-servers.txt (first non-US root server) |
| 1992 |
Number of hosts breaks
1,000,000 |
| 1992 |
Internet Society (ISOC) is
chartered |
| 1992 |
Veronica, a gopherspace
search tool, is released by Univ of Nevada |
| 1992 |
"Surfing the
Internet" is coined by Jean Armour Polly. |
| 26 Mar 1992 |
Bogus "." contamination moevax.edu.tw (and
many more for several years) |
| 1 Jun 1992 |
Caching-only name
server (BIND) hangs
when forwarders unreachable |
| Oct 1992 |
Network Solutions awarded
NSFNET NIC contract. |
| 1993 |
InterNIC created by NSF to
provide specific Internet services: directory and database services
(AT&T); registration services (Network Solutions Inc.); information
services (General Atomics/CERFnet). |
| 1993 |
US National Information
Infrastructure Act |
| 1993 |
Gopher's growth is 997%. |
| 1993 |
Slow connections/packet loss
to NIC.DDN.MIL result in many different distribution problems. People report
consistent 50%+ packet loss to NIC.DDN.MIL root name server. |
| 1993 |
Mosaic Web browser
developed by Marc Andreesen at University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. |
| 1993 |
Web grows by 341,000
percent in a year. |
| Apr 1993 |
Mosaic 1.0 Web browser
released. Developed by Marc Andreesen
at University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, takes the Internet by storm; WWW
proliferates at a 341,634% annual growth rate of service traffic. |
| 15 Apr 1993 |
InterNIC created. Contract
awarded to NSI. NS.INTERNIC.NET added to hints file NSI/GSI Internet
connection upgraded from 56K to T1 |
| 21 Apr 1993 |
Root server list UDP
packet size limit exceeded |
| 31 Aug 1993 |
Bellovin suggests
using pseudo-host root.net to pack server list |
| 1994 |
ARPANET/Internet
celebrates 25th anniversary |
| 1994 |
NSFNET traffic passes 10
trillion bytes/month |
| 1994 |
WWW edges out telnet to
become 2nd most popular service on the Net (behind ftp-data) based on % of
packets and bytes traffic distribution on NSFNET |
| Apr 1994 |
Netscape Communications
founded. |
| Apr 1994 |
Jeff Bezos writes the
business plan for Amazon.com. |
| Apr 1994 |
Java's first public
demonstration. |
| 3 Apr 1994 |
AOS.BRL.MIL renamed
AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL (server name mismatch) |
| 19 Apr 1994 |
Sprint employee
registers the domain
name MCI.NET (first namejacking?) |
| 9 May 1994 |
KAVA.NISC.SRI.COM removed
as a root name server |
| 16 May 1994 |
NS1.ISI.EDU added as a
root name server |
| Jun 1994 |
Commercial use of internet
becomes dominant. |
| Jul 94 |
Postel's ISOC-IANA Charter |
| 18 Jul 1994 |
Bogus in-addr.arpa SOA/NS
disrupts networks |
| 28 Aug 1994 |
Malformed PTR entry in in-addr.arpa zone disrupts
most (almost all) root name servers, many using old software |
| Sep 94 |
NSF-IEEE .COM Workshop |
| 2 Sep 1994 |
NS.ISC.ORG added as a root
name server |
| 7 Oct 1994 |
C.NYSER.NET changed to
C.PSI.NET |
| 17 Oct 1994 |
Bogus NS records for COM
zone polluting servers |
| Dec 1994 |
Microsoft licenses
technology from Spyglass to create Web browser for Windows 95. |
| 1995 |
Public discussions begin
on what to do with the DNS. Dr. Jon
Postel shows interest in expanding TLD base to meet public demand and
technical concerns. |
| 1995 |
Independent TLDs .CAL and
.SAT created on Internet by PacificRoot to research expansion of TLD
infrastructure. Delegated by the
Public-Root to PacificRoot in 1996. |
| 1995 |
NSFNET reverts back to a
research network. Main US backbone traffic now routed through interconnected
network providers |
| 1995 |
The new NSFNET is born as
NSF establishes the very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) linking
super-computing centers: NCAR, NCSA, SDSC, CTC, PSC |
| 1995 |
RealAudio, an audio
streaming technology, lets the Net hear in near real-time |
| 1995 |
WWW surpasses ftp-data in
March as the service with greatest traffic on NSFNet based on packet count,
and in April based on byte count |
| 1995 |
Traditional online dial-up
systems (Compuserve, America Online, Prodigy) begin to provide Internet
access |
| 1995 |
A number of Net related
companies go public, with Netscape leading the pack with the 3rd largest ever
NASDAQ IPO share value (9 August) |
| 15 Feb 1995 |
Recursion turned
off on the
last root name server with it
enabled |
| Mar 1995 |
ISOC Postel Charter
discussions "inquiring minds" |
| 23 May 1995 |
Sun Microsystems releases
Java. |
| 4 Aug 1995 |
root-servers.net introduced into root zone ns.nasa.gov
changed ip addresses ns.isc.org uses net 39 experiment address |
| 24 Aug 1995 |
Windows 95 released. |
| Sep 1995 |
Independent TLDs .EARTH
and .USA created on Internet by ADNS to research expansion of TLDs
infrastructure. Delegated by the
Public-Root to ADNS in 1996. |
| 1 Sep 1995 |
ns.internic.net changed
to a.root-servers.net (last root-servers.net change) |
| 13 Sep 1995 |
Leaked: NSI begins
fee-based DNS registration. Domain names no longer free - was subsidized by
NSF. NSF continues to pay for .edu registration, and on an interim basis for
.gov |
| 16 Nov 1995 |
f.root-servers.net address
change at the
end of net
39 experiment |
| Oct 1995 |
NSF-KSG Workshop |
| Dec 1995 |
ISOC-Postel takeover draft
RFC |
| Dec 1995 |
Simon Higgs creates TLDs
.COUPONS, .KOSHER, and .REBATES to research TLD operations. Later delegated to Higgs by the
Public-Root. |
| 1996 |
Public-Root founded.
Alternic the Internet's first public-root root experiment is launched in
response to Postel96 "New Registries and the Delegation of International
Top Level Domains". |
| 1996 |
Domain name tv.com sold to
CNET for $15,000. Browser wars begin. Netscape and Microsoft two biggest
players. |
| 1996 |
Internet phones catch the
attention of US telecommunication companies who ask the US Congress to ban
the technology (which has been around for years) |
| 1996 |
MCI upgrades Internet
backbone adding ~13,000 ports, bringing the effective speed from 155Mbps to
622Mbps. |
| 1996 |
The Internet Ad Hoc
Committee announces plans to add 7 new generic Top Level Domains (gTLD):
.firm, .store, .web, .arts, .rec, .info, .nom. The IAHC plan also calls for a
competing group of domain registrars worldwide. |
| 1996 |
The WWW browser war,
fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft, has rushed in a new age in
software development, whereby new releases are made quarterly with the help
of Internet users eager to test upcoming (beta) versions. |
| Jan 1996 |
NSF-KSG Workshop |
| Feb 1996 |
Public-Root TLD .dot
delegated to NielsenNET. |
| Mar 1996 |
DNS operators begin
planning for competition and commercialization of the root system. |
| Apr 1996 |
Public-Root assigns NIC
TLD to VRX Network Services to test viability of a TLD shared by NICs. |
| May 1996 |
Public-Root TLDs .INC,
.LAW, .SPORT, .GAMES, .ASIA, .EMAIL, .GLOBE and .LEARN delegated to GLOBECOMM
Networks. |
| May 1996 |
Guardian announced to
protect names and server information |
| Jun 1996 |
Public-Root TLDs .MOV,
.MAG, .NEWS delegated to Simon Higgs |
| Jun 1996 |
Public-Root TLD .K12
delegated to PacificRoot. |
| Jun 1996 |
OECD Workshop |
| Jul 1996 |
TLD .SEX delegated in
public root to Marc Hurst and Tim Gibson. |
| Jul 1996 |
Public-Root TLDs .800,
.888, FAQ, ZOO, and DDS delegated to VRX Network Services. |
| Jul 1996 |
Public-Root TLD .WEB
delegated to IO Designs. |
| 23 Jul 1996 |
g.root-servers.net root
zone expired, bogus responses |
| Aug 1996 |
Postel96 IETF
Internet-Draft: New Registries and the Delegation of International Top Level
Domains. |
| Aug 1996 |
IANA's Jon Postel someone who could
reasonably be considered an authority on the operational aspects of the
Inter-net, proposed adding 300 new TLDs over a period of five years, 150 of
them in the first year. Internet
stakeholders invited to participate. |
| Aug 1996 |
In response to Postel
initiative Public-Root TLDs .MED, .ART, .ARTS, .SKY, .BANK, .DIR, .FILM,
.FUND, .HELP, .VIDEO, .RADIO, .HOTEL, .MUSIC, .ISP, .ZINE delegated to ICM
Registry. |
| Aug 1996 |
Public-Root TLD .ENT
delegated to FastLane Networks in Canada. |
| Aug 1996 |
NSF-KSG Workshop |
| Aug 1996 |
Windows NT 4.0 and
Microsoft DNS Server released |
| 22 Aug 1996 |
Bind/malformed record
problems ".comcom" (believed to be malicious) |
| Nov 96 |
Public-Root TLD .IRC
delegated to Jerky Networks. |
| Nov 1996 |
IAHC begins |
| 8 Nov 1996 |
Bogus address
for ns.uu.net (secondary name server for many other
domains) |
| 1997 |
eDNS launches additional
Public-Root servers to meet demand. |
| 1997 |
Open Root Server
Confederation adds Public-Root servers and begins co-ordination of root
expansions experiments. |
| 1997 |
2000th RFC: "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" |
| 1997 |
71,618 mailing lists
registered at Liszt, a mailing list directory |
| 1997 |
The American Registry for
Internet Numbers (ARIN) is established to handle administration and
registration of IP numbers to the geographical areas currently handled by
Network Solutions (InterNIC), starting March 1998. |
| 1997 |
101,803 Name Servers in
WHOIS database |
| 1997 |
business.com sold for
$150,000. |
| Jan 1997 |
RFC 2065 published,
describing DNS security extensions. |
| 22 Jan 1997 |
root only root name
servers J and K added |
| Feb 1997 |
IAHC ITU gTLD-MoU release |
| 14 Feb 1997 |
h.root-servers.net loses
COM zone and authoritatively denies it exists |
| 28 Feb 1997 |
root only root name
servers L and M added |
| Mar 1997 |
Public-Root TLD .CORP
delegated to PacificRoot |
| Apr 1997 |
RFC 2136 published,
introducing dynamic update. |
| 12 Apr 1997 |
h.root-servers.net loses
COM zone (again) |
| May 1997 |
MoU signed |
| May 1997 |
BIND 8.1 released |
| 19 May 1997 |
k.root-servers.net moved
to London LINX managed by RIPE/NCC |
| Jun 1997 |
ITU gTLD-MoU meeting |
| 26 Jun 1997 |
i.root-servers.net loses
COM zone |
| Jul 1997 |
NTIA NOI |
| 13 Jul 1997 |
Kashpureff corrupts DNS
caches redirecting InterNIC traffic to AlterNIC. |
| 17 Jul 1997 |
Error during
the generation of
COM and NET
zones at NSI truncates zone information |
| 14 Aug 1997 |
Public-Root TLD .POL
delegated to Elektron Sp. of Warsaw Poland.
First TLD and Public-Root system in Poland. |
| 22 Aug 1997 |
m.root-servers.net moved
to Japan managed by WIDE Project |
| Sep 1997 |
Congressional hearings |
| 1998 |
US Depart of Commerce
outlines proposal to privatize DNS. ICANN created by Jon Postel to oversee
privatization. Jon Postel dies. |
| 1998 |
Netscape releases the
source code for its Netscape Navigator browser to the public domain. |
| 1998 |
Microsoft releases Windows
98. Months later the government orders Microsoft to change its Java virtual
machine to pass Sun's Java compatibility test. |
| 1998 |
Microsoft is taken to
court for allegations of anti-trust violations. |
| 11 Nov 1998 |
[fjk].gtld-servers.net giving NXDOMAIN response to queries for COM
zone f.root-servers.net lame due to ISP problems at NSI |
| Jan 1998 |
Green Paper |
| 1999 |
AOL buys Netscape;
Andreesen steps down as full-time employee. |
| 1999 |
Browsers wars declared
over; Netscape and Microsoft share almost 100% of browser market. |
| 1999 |
Microsoft declared a
monopoly by US District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson. |
| 1999 |
Shawn Fanning creates
Napster, opening the possibilities of peer-to-peer file sharing and igniting
a copyright war in the music industry. |
| 2 Jul 1999 |
NSI web site redirected to
CORE with ICANN glue record |
| Dec 1999 |
business.com sold for $7.5
million. |
| 10 Jan 2000 |
AOL Merges with
Time-Warner. AOL shareholders take 55% stake in newly formed company. |
| Feb 2000 |
A large-scale denial of
service attack is launched against some major Web sites like Yahoo! and eBay,
alerting Web sites to the need for tighter security measures. |
| Feb 2000 |
Windows 2000 released |
| May 2000 |
RFC 2845 published,
introducing transaction security. |
| 15 Jul 2000 |
ICANN Board introduces new
Top-Level Domains |
| 23 Aug 2000 |
Timing bug causes missing
NS records for COM zone on a.root-servers.net |
| Sep 2000 |
BIND 9.0.0 released |
| Nov 2000 |
ICANN approves new gTLDs
(aero, coop, museum, name and pro) and rejects TLD: .xxx claimed by the ICM
Registry. |
| Jan 2001 |
Microsoft DNS debacle |
| Jan 2001 |
TSIG buffer overrun in
BIND 8 |
| Mar 2001 |
LiOn worm uses TSIG buffer
overrun as transmission vector |
| 22 Mar 2001 |
NewRoot introduces an
on-line registration service to allow anyone to register a new TLD in the
Public-Root for $1000.- only. |
| Jul 2001 |
A federal judge rules that
Napster must remain off-line until it can prevent copyrighted material from
being shared by its users. |
| 1 Jun 2001 |
A Council of seven is
established to approve, create and delegate new TLDs in the Public-Root.
(Later to be the INAIC Council) |
| 6 Jun 2001 |
ICANN is losing control of
ccTLDs. A working group of the country-code top level domains (ccTLDs) voted
unanimously to withdraw from ICANN's Domain Name Supporting Organization
(DNSO). |
| Jun 2002 |
DoS vulnerability in BIND
9 |
| Oct 2002 |
DDos attack against USG
root name servers |
| Nov 2002 |
SIG record bug in BIND 4
and 8, NXDOMAIN EDNSO bug in BIND 8 |
| 5 Nov 2002 |
J.root-servers.net address
changed to a different network from A.root-servers.net (first change to root server list after Dr.
Postel's death) |
| 1 Jan 2003 |
Until 31 December 2002, TLD: .org was operated by VeriSign Global Registry Services. ICANN determined that VeriSign had fallen out of favor and delegated .org to the Public Interest Registry (PIR). |
| 1 Jan 2003 |
NewRoot introduces
additional DNS services to support Domain Name Registrars. |
| 22 Sep 2003 |
VeriSign rejects a request
from the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to
suspend a service that redirects Internet users who have mistyped domain
names. |
| 3 Jul 2003 |
The ICANN has once again
announced its intention to involve the Internet community in its decision
making process |
| 1 Dec 2003 |
Register.World launches its
on-line domain name registry for the registration of domain names under
various public TLDs |
| 1 Jan 2004 |
The Internet Names
Authorization & Information Center (INAIC) becomes the official
representative body for the Public-Root. |
| 1 Oct 2004 |
The Uniform Corporate
Domain Authority (UCDA) has published recommended information standards for
the uniform naming of resources under corporate Top-Level Domains (TLDs). |
| 18 Nov 2004 |
MANROW resumes the on-line
TLD registration services from NewRoot. |
| 1 Dec 2004 |
Hans Bakker accepts his
election and appointment as Director of Public-Root Ltd. |
| 17 Dec 2004 |
The Public-Root DNS
Operations Working Group (DNSops WG) is chartered. |
| 15 Jan 2005 |
UNIDT is to become the
official TLD Registrar for the registration of Public TLDs (pTLDs) and
Corporate TLDs (cTLDs). |
| 1 May 2005 |
The first Turkish ISP is
resolving from the Public-Root |
| 24 May 2005 |
Rabo Bank publishes a six
page article about Public TLDs in the spring issue of the RaboCom magazine. |
| 25 May 2005 |
Public-Root resolves the
first three Multilingual (Chinese Character) TLDs |
| 1 Jun 2005 |
Large numbers of pTLDs and cTLDs change registrants by TLD auctions and commercial trading. |
| 28 Jun 2005 |
The famous musician
Vangelis registers its own cTLD: .VANGELIS |
| 1 Jul 2005 |
Large Corporations like
Tomtom, KPMG, Brinks and Sita etc. etc. are registering their own Corporate
TLDs . |
| 21 Jul 2005 |
Washington Internet Daily: Public-Root Said to be the
Next-Generation of Internet Addressing. |
| 26 Jul 2005 |
Tiscaly starts resolving
from the Public-Root and updates its DNS. |
| 30 Jul 2005 |
The entire nation of Turkey
is resolving from the Public-Root. |
| 1 Aug 2005 |
6 More countries are
considering to start resolving from the Public-Root. |
| 15 Aug 2005 |
US President George W.
Bush objects to gTLD: .XXX |
| 15 Aug 2005 |
Joe Baptista starts
slandering the Public-Root and some other public Internet bodies. |
| 1 Oct 2005 |
In response, UNIDT stops
registration services for new TLDs . |
| 14 Oct 2005 |
MANROW postpones
registration services for new TLDs. |
| 1 Nov 2005 |
UnifiedRoot and some other
roots are created. |
| 10 Nov 2005 |
TLD-News stops releasing
News and Updates. |
| 1 Dec 2005 |
Tiscaly and the majority
of the Turkish ISPs decide not to resolve from the Public-Root any more. |
| 1 Jan 2006 |
UnifiedRoot refuses to
respect most of the Legacy TLDs and becomes a renegade TLD Registrar. |
| 15 Aug 2006 |
The Public-Root survives
the slander campaign, that appears to be the product of a single deranged
individual. As a result the entire public DNS industry suffered a severe
setback. |
| 30 Aug 2006 |
Charles Clark becomes
director of Public-Root Ltd. and empowers the INAIC to approve and accredit
new TLD Registrars. |
| 18 Dec 2006 |
The INAIC approves two new
TLD Registrars: UN1D and TLD.NAME |
| 21 Dec 2006 |
After over one year of
silence, TLDs registrations in the Public-Root are resumed by two approved
and accredited TLD Registrars: UN1D and TLD.NAME |
| 1 Jan 2007 |
TLD-News resumes
publishing News and Updates again. |
| 30 Mar 2007 |
ICANN is turning down the
application for gTLD: .XXX yet again. |
| 15 Jan 2007 |
Hans Bakker (former
director of Public-Root Ltd.) assembles a team of volunteers to proceed with the
development of the Multilingual TLD Project. |
| 4 Jun 2007 |
More TLD Registrars are
approved and accredited by the INAIC. |
| 23 Jun 2007 |
Large Corporations like
Daimler-Chrysler are keen to register
their own Corporate TLDs. |
| 01 Aug 2007 |
Multilingual TLDs tests are a success. Hans Bakker presents the
finished Multilingual TLD Project for testing in the Public DNS. |
| 31 Oct 2007 |
UN1D is the first TLD Registrar in the world that is providing on-line multilingual TLD registration services. |
| 10 Nov 2007 |
Multilingual TLDs become
available through all approved and accredited TLD Registrars. |
|
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